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  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_21...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_00...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_025.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Youth of the Caribbean “Crew” rest as members wash vehicles for 100 Kenyan shillings. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined w
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_048_bw.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_042.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_21...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_020_bw-2.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train outside the Joseph Kengethe Social Hall on the outskirts of Kibera slum. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_003_01.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train outside the Joseph Kengethe Social Hall on the outskirts of Kibera slum. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_001_17.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: A young athlete rests at the end of his bout during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_006_07.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_21-2.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_03.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 17, 2010: A Kenyan youth plays a drum on the streets of Kibera slum. Nearby, graffiti painted the famous Kenyan artist Solo7 is a reminder of the recent post-election violence. <br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    100317_Youth-Reform_004_12.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 27, 2011: A young boy waves the Kenyan flag over the crowd at a Kenyans For Kenya gathering in Uhuru Park near downtown Nairobi. Kenyans For Kenya was organized in 2011 as a way for Kenyans to support those suffering from drought and famine in the eastern part of the country.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110827_Moses_©BobMiller_192.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_00...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: Idle youth in Kisumundogo village play "Whiteless," a popular billiards game in Kenya, at the former Railbreeze Pub. Once an active bar and restaurant, Railbreeze is now an empty hut in which Kenyan youth play pool to pass the time. <br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_254...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Youth of the Caribbean “Crew” rest as members wash vehicles for 100 Kenyan shillings. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined w
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_089.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club rest before a bout. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_002_01.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_27.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_08.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_18.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_05-crop.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_003_15-crop.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 27, 2011: Youth leader Moses Omondi (left) raises his hand in support at the Kenyans For Kenya gathering in Uhuru Park downtown. Kenyans For Kenya was organized in 2011 as a way for Kenyans to support those suffering from drought and famine in the eastern part of the country.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110827_Moses_©BobMiller_182.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_16...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: The Kibera Hamlets prepare to practice an acrobatics routine in Katwekera Village. Following the post-election violence that resulted in the deaths of thousands, Kibera Hamlets was founded with the mission of using creative forms of expression to sensitize the community to social issues while simultaneously utilizing youth talents and promoting education.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_137.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: The Kibera Hamlets prepare to practice an acrobatics routine in Katwekera Village. Following the post-election violence that resulted in the deaths of thousands, Kibera Hamlets was founded with the mission of using creative forms of expression to sensitize the community to social issues while simultaneously utilizing youth talents and promoting education.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_091.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_005.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_06.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_30.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 17, 2010: Volunteers with Usafi Youth Group demonstrate the use of pit latrines as a low cost waste management system. The grave-like pits are used to clear trash mounds and open plots for sustainable agriculture projects on top of the newly fertilized earth.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    100317_Youth-Reform_002_13.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train outside the Joseph Kengethe Social Hall on the outskirts of Kibera slum. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_001_07.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 17, 2010: Youth leader Moses Omondi surveys an agricultural project where vegetables are grown to be consumed and sold at market. <br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    100317_Youth-Reform_002_01.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: The Kibera Hamlets prepare to practice an acrobatics routine in Katwekera Village. Following the post-election violence that resulted in the deaths of thousands, Kibera Hamlets was founded with the mission of using creative forms of expression to sensitize the community to social issues while simultaneously utilizing youth talents and promoting education.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_171...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train outside the Joseph Kengethe Social Hall on the outskirts of Kibera slum. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_003_11.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train outside the Joseph Kengethe Social Hall on the outskirts of Kibera slum. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_001_10.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 17, 2010: Two youth hold hands in the streets of Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    100317_Youth-Reform_004_16.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 28, 2011: Moses Omondi (left) advises his peer Steven Omondi (center) regarding how to gather resources and raise money for Pillars of Kibera, a youth group consisting of performance and spoken word artists who conduct skits to educate people about non-violence. Omondi is an elected Youth Leader at the sub-location level for the youth in Kisumundogo village, and has helped expand the reach of many youth organizations.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110828_Kamkunji_©BobMiller_160.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 27, 2011: Youth leader Moses Omondi (center) raises his hands in support at the Kenyans For Kenya gathering in Uhuru Park downtown. Kenyans For Kenya was organized in 2011 as a way for Kenyans to support those suffering from drought and famine in the eastern part of the country.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110827_Moses_©BobMiller_163.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train outside the Joseph Kengethe Social Hall on the outskirts of Kibera slum. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_003_17.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train outside the Joseph Kengethe Social Hall on the outskirts of Kibera slum. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_003_05.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train outside the Joseph Kengethe Social Hall on the outskirts of Kibera slum. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_001_21.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: A winner is announced as young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_18.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_10.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_32.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_27.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_25.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_003_24.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 17, 2010: Youth leader Moses Omondi (right) oversees volunteers from Usafi Youth Group as they pilfer shoes and other salvageable items from trash mounds in Kibera slum. The group digs grave-like pits to clear out waste and open plots for sustainable agriculture projects on top of the newly fertilized earth.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    100317_Youth-Reform_006_13.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 17, 2010: Volunteers with Usafi Youth Group pilfer shoes and other salvageable items from trash mounds in Kibera slum. The group digs grave-like pits to clear out waste and open plots for sustainable agriculture projects on top of the newly fertilized earth.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    100317_Youth-Reform_004_03.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 17, 2010: Two youth talk in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    100317_Youth-Reform_003_04.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 28, 2011: Moses Omondi (left) advises his peer Steven Omondi (center) regarding how to gather resources and raise money for Pillars of Kibera, a youth group consisting of performance and spoken word artists who conduct skits to educate people about non-violence. Omondi is an elected Youth Leader at the sub-location level for the youth in Kisumundogo village, and has helped expand the reach of many youth organizations.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110828_Kamkunji_©BobMiller_171_crop.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 28, 2011: A crowd of Luo youth listen to exhortations from a community leader in Kisumundogo village during a weekly "kamkunji" gathering. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, many Kenyan youth were killed while carrying out acts of violence on behalf of corrupt Ministers of Parliament. "They have realized that they were used by other people," one Kenyan explained about the youth, "so they've promised to never to do that again. They are the ones who preach peace, because they were most affected."<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110828_Kamkunji_©BobMiller_111.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 28, 2011: A community leader addresses a crowd of predominantly Luo youth at a weekly "kamkunji" in Kisumundogo village. Kamkunji is Swahili for "small gathering," and is a weekly venue for individuals to speak out about issues considered vital to community development. The gathering was started in 1990 when Kenyans were fighting for a multiparty government.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110828_Kamkunji_©BobMiller_090.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 28, 2011: A community leader addresses a crowd of predominantly Luo youth at a weekly "kamkunji" in Kisumundogo village. Kamkunji is Swahili for "small gathering," and is a weekly venue for individuals to speak out about issues considered vital to community development. The gathering was started in 1990 when Kenyans were fighting for a multiparty government.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110828_Kamkunji_©BobMiller_057.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: The Kibera Hamlets prepare to practice an acrobatics routine in Katwekera Village. Following the post-election violence that resulted in the deaths of thousands, Kibera Hamlets was founded with the mission of using creative forms of expression to sensitize the community to social issues while simultaneously utilizing youth talents and promoting education.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_113.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: The Kibera Hamlets prepare to practice an acrobatics routine in Katwekera Village. Following the post-election violence that resulted in the deaths of thousands, Kibera Hamlets was founded with the mission of using creative forms of expression to sensitize the community to social issues while simultaneously utilizing youth talents and promoting education.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_060.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train outside the Joseph Kengethe Social Hall on the outskirts of Kibera slum. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_003_21.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 22, 2010: Young athletes of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train outside the Joseph Kengethe Social Hall on the outskirts of Kibera slum. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100322_Kibera-Olympic_003_15.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_29.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In a community gym, young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Without a sponsor, equipment and supplies for the Kibera Olympic Boxing Team are in short supply. What little equipment they own is passed between teammates before each bout. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_02-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_26.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_15.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_003_12.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 17, 2010: Volunteers with Usafi Youth Group look over their development plan for turning large dump sites in Kibera slum into sustainable gardening projects. The group digs grave-like pits to clear out waste and open plots for sustainable agriculture projects on top of the newly fertilized earth.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    100317_Youth-Reform_006_15.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 28, 2011: A community leader addresses a crowd of predominantly Luo youth at a weekly "kamkunji" in Kisumundogo village. Kamkunji is Swahili for "small gathering," and is a weekly venue for individuals to speak out about issues considered vital to community development. The gathering was started in 1990 when Kenyans were fighting for a multiparty government.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110828_Kamkunji_©BobMiller_036.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Moses Omondi, 30, gathers with friend and Chief Campaign Manager, Joan Limbala, (back) in Kibera. Omondi serves as an elected Youth Leader at the sublocation level for youth in Kisumundogo, one of Kibera's many villages. With Limbala's help, Omondi hopes to be elected to the position of County Representative for Makina County in 2012. If elected, Omondi will represent Kibera as a new constituency before the governor, alongside two to four other representatives.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_100_bw.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, Kenyans assemble to watch a boxing match featuring members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_15.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011: Members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train for an upcoming bout at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_135-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011: Members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train for an upcoming bout at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_048-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Coach Hassan Abdulkadir Salim (left) preps an athletes between rounds during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_11.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, Kenyans assemble to watch a boxing match featuring members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_007_028-2.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, athletes with the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club assemble a boxing ring.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_002_17.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, athletes with the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club await the announcement of their opponents as the ring is assembled.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_001_35.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011: Members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train for an upcoming bout at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_114-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: An athlete exits the ring between rounds during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_36.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Athletes spar during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_09.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, athletes with the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club await the announcement of their opponents as the ring is assembled.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_002_16.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, athletes with the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club await the announcement of their opponents as the ring is assembled.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_001_14.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 17, 2011: Youth from various tribes arrive to watch an Olympic Qualifying boxing bout. <br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111117_Kenya_Open_165.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011: Members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train for an upcoming bout at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_033-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 10, 2011:  Moses Owino Otieno of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111110_Kibera_Olympic_Portraits_089_...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 10, 2011:  Saul Otatwa of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111110_Kibera_Olympic_Portraits_041_...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 10, 2011:  Saul Otatwa of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111110_Kibera_Olympic_Portraits_039_...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 09, 2011: Volunteer boxing coach Hassan Abdulkadir Salim (left) trains with members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum. <br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111109_Kibera_Olympic_009-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 17, 2011: Kamau Ng'ang'a (right) prepares for an Olympic Qualifying boxing bout. As a Kikuyu, Ng'ang'a represents the tribe that was targeted most violently during the post-election violence of 2008. Despite his tribal affiliation, Ng'ang'a is the club favorite and hopes to represent the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club in the 2012 Olympics.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111117_Kenya_Open_113-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011: Members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train for an upcoming bout at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_021-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 09, 2011: Volunteer boxing coach Hassan Abdulkadir Salim (left) trains with members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum. <br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111109_Kibera_Olympic_011-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: An athlete with the Kibera Olympic Boxing ClubYoung enters the ring. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_006_01.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, athletes with the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club await the announcement of their opponents as the ring is assembled.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_002_10.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, injured athletes with the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club apply muscle relaxing spray as they await the announcement of their opponents.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_001_17-crop.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011: Members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train for an upcoming bout at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_004-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 10, 2011:  Yasin Suleiman Muhamed of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111110_Kibera_Olympic_Portraits_147_...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, Kenyans assemble to watch a boxing match featuring members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_002_22.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, athletes with the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club await the announcement of their opponents as the ring is assembled.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_001_24.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011:  A member of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_Portraits_123_...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011:  A member of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_Portraits_066-...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011: Members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train for an upcoming bout at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_137-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011: Members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train for an upcoming bout at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_080-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - NOVEMBER 14, 2011: Members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club train for an upcoming bout at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    111114_Kibera_Olympic_042-Edit.jpg
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