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  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: A young athlete rests at the end of his bout during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_006_07.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, Kenyans assemble to watch a boxing match featuring members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_15.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_21-2.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_03.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: An athlete exits the ring between rounds during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_36.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Athletes spar during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_31.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: A coach preps an athlete between rounds during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_29.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: A coach preps an athlete between rounds during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_28.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Athletes spar during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_27.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Coach Hassan Abdulkadir Salim (center) yells instruction to one of his athletes during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_15.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Coach Hassan Abdulkadir Salim (left) preps an athletes between rounds during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_11.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: An athlete exits the ring between rounds during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_24.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Athletes spar during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_008_09.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, Kenyans assemble to watch a boxing match featuring members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_007_028-2.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Athletes spar during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_006_18.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: A score keeper rings the bell during a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_006_17.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: A winner is announced as young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_18.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_27.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: A score card is delivered to the referee as young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_17.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_08.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_10.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes compete in a boxing tournament featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_06.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_32.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_29.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In a community gym, young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Without a sponsor, equipment and supplies for the Kibera Olympic Boxing Team are in short supply. What little equipment they own is passed between teammates before each bout. Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_005_02-Edit.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_30.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_27.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_26.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_25.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_18.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_15.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_004_05-crop.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_003_24.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_003_15-crop.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: Young athletes prepare for their turn to compete in a bout featuring the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, Kenya Prisons and the Kenya Police and Armed Forces (AFABA). Each year, Kibera Olympic boxers aspire individually to make the national team, and the opportunity to compete in the annual Kenya Open boxing tournament. In previous years, boxers from Kibera slum have gone on to win tournaments on both the national and international stage.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_003_12.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, Kenyans assemble to watch a boxing match featuring members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_003_09.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - MARCH 18, 2010: In Jericho, a district on the outskirts of Nairobi, Kenyans assemble to watch a boxing match featuring members of the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    100318_Kibera-Olympic_002_22.jpg
  • MERU, KENYA - AUGUST 22, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a, 22, trains in the backyard of his childhood home.  Ng'ang'a built his home training facility by hand in 2010, allowing him to continue training as a boxer while visiting family in Kenya's rural Eastern Province. "I'm young, but with boxing I'm going to succeed in life," Ng'ang'a said. "I need to struggle now when I'm strong so that later on, I'll have time to relax and have a family."<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110822_Meru_©BobMiller_122.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: Idle youth in Kisumundogo village play "Whiteless," a popular billiards game in Kenya, at the former Railbreeze Pub. Once an active bar and restaurant, Railbreeze is now an empty hut in which Kenyan youth play pool to pass the time. <br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_254...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: A member of Gange Youth Self Help Group in Kibera operates a roadside store where he sells candy to support the cleanup efforts of his group.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_094.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - OCTOBER 29, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a (right) carries building materials through the slum alongside his teammates. Athletes in the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club regularly volunteer their time working odd jobs secured for them by their coach, Hassan Abdulkadir Salim (left). Money raised is then used for transportation, competition entry fees and new equipment.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110829_Kelly-Hassan_©BobMiller_030.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - OCTOBER 29, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a (right) carries building materials through the slum alongside his teammates. Athletes in the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club regularly volunteer their time working odd jobs secured for them by their coach, Hassan Abdulkadir Salim. Money raised is then used for transportation, competition entry fees and new equipment.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110829_Kelly-Hassan_©BobMiller_028.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - OCTOBER 29, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a (right) carries building materials through the slum alongside his teammates. Athletes in the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club regularly volunteer their time working odd jobs secured for them by their coach, Hassan Abdulkadir Salim. Money raised is then used for transportation, competition entry fees and new equipment.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110829_Kelly-Hassan_©BobMiller_032.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 16, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a changes clothes in his one room apartment after excercising. Unable to find regular work in the slum, Ng'ang'a moved into this room in January of 2011 after a friend volunteered the space to him free of rent.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110816_Kelly_©BobMiller_169.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 27, 2011: Children walk along the railroad tracks amid waste and pollution in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110827_Moses_©BobMiller_081.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 27, 2011: Children walk along the railroad tracks amid waste and pollution in Kibera slum.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110827_Moses_©BobMiller_076.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 27, 2011: Pedestrians walk along the railroad tracks amid waste and pollution in Kibera slum.
    110827_Moses_©BobMiller_063.jpg
  • MERU, KENYA - AUGUST 23, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a, 22, prepares to train with handmade cement weights parsed together from local wood and scrap metal. Ng'ang'a built his home training facility by hand in 2010, allowing him to continue training as a boxer while visiting family in Kenya's rural Eastern Province. "I'm young, but with boxing I'm going to succeed in life," Ng'ang'a said. "I need to struggle now when I'm strong so that later on, I'll have time to relax and have a family."<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110824_House_©BobMiller_002.jpg
  • MERU, KENYA - AUGUST 23, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a, 22, visits a waterfall near his childhood home in Kenya's Eastern Province. Now living in Kibera slum on less than one dollar a day, Nganga is rarely able to save the 600 Kenyan shillings for public transportation to visit his family.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110823_Waterfall_©BobMiller_013.jpg
  • MERU, KENYA - AUGUST 22, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a, 22, trains with handmade cement weights in the yard of his childhood home while niece Njeri, 4, and nephew Edwin, 8, practice somersaults. Ng'ang'a built his home training facility by hand in 2010, allowing him to continue training as a boxer while visiting family in Kenya's rural Eastern Province. "I'm young, but with boxing I'm going to succeed in life," Ng'ang'a said. "I need to struggle now when I'm strong so that later on, I'll have time to relax and have a family."<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110822_Meru_©BobMiller_060.jpg
  • MERU, KENYA - AUGUST 22, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a, 22, trains with handmade cement weights in the yard of his childhood home while niece Njeri, 4, and nephew Edwin, 8, practice somersaults. Ng'ang'a built his home training facility by hand in 2010, allowing him to continue training as a boxer while visiting family in Kenya's rural Eastern Province. "I'm young, but with boxing I'm going to succeed in life," Ng'ang'a said. "I need to struggle now when I'm strong so that later on, I'll have time to relax and have a family."<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110822_Meru_©BobMiller_047.jpg
  • MERU, KENYA - AUGUST 22, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a, 22, plays badminton next to handmade cement weights in the yard of his childhood home. Ng'ang'a built his home training facility by hand in 2010, allowing him to continue training as a boxer while visiting family in Kenya's rural Eastern Province. "I'm young, but with boxing I'm going to succeed in life," Ng'ang'a said. "I need to struggle now when I'm strong so that later on, I'll have time to relax and have a family."<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110822_Meru_©BobMiller_034.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Pedestrians and shop owners watch a train go by in Kibera slum.
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_27...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_21...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_21...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_16...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Abdallah Juma, 23, stands in his home in Kibera slum. As a youth leader, Juma says financial instability is the youth's primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_04...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Abdallah Juma, 23, (left) hangs clean laundry out to dry with his mother (right) outside their home in Kibera slum. As a youth leader, Juma says financial instability is the youth's primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_02...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_00...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 20, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110820_Carribean_Group_©BobMiller_00...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: The Kibera Hamlets prepare to practice an acrobatics routine in Katwekera Village. Following the post-election violence that resulted in the deaths of thousands, Kibera Hamlets was founded with the mission of using creative forms of expression to sensitize the community to social issues while simultaneously utilizing youth talents and promoting education.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_171...jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: The Kibera Hamlets prepare to practice an acrobatics routine in Katwekera Village. Following the post-election violence that resulted in the deaths of thousands, Kibera Hamlets was founded with the mission of using creative forms of expression to sensitize the community to social issues while simultaneously utilizing youth talents and promoting education.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_113.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: The Kibera Hamlets prepare to practice an acrobatics routine in Katwekera Village. Following the post-election violence that resulted in the deaths of thousands, Kibera Hamlets was founded with the mission of using creative forms of expression to sensitize the community to social issues while simultaneously utilizing youth talents and promoting education.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_137.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: The Kibera Hamlets prepare to practice an acrobatics routine in Katwekera Village. Following the post-election violence that resulted in the deaths of thousands, Kibera Hamlets was founded with the mission of using creative forms of expression to sensitize the community to social issues while simultaneously utilizing youth talents and promoting education.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_060.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 18, 2011: The Kibera Hamlets prepare to practice an acrobatics routine in Katwekera Village. Following the post-election violence that resulted in the deaths of thousands, Kibera Hamlets was founded with the mission of using creative forms of expression to sensitize the community to social issues while simultaneously utilizing youth talents and promoting education.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110818_Kibera_Hamlets_©BobMiller_091.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Youth worker Moses Omondi teaches young children ages 13-16 about inner peace and responses to violence at a weekly Peace Club meeting at St. Juliet School in Kibera. As a project of Tatua, Peace Club was started in March of 2011 to give Kenyans the tools and knowledge necessary to live at peace within oneself and among others. "We are teaching the young generation about the issues that can disturb peace," said Martin Musambai, a volunteer with Tatua. "They need to know how to safeguard themselves against a life of violence." Peace Club classes are also offered to older adolescents and even adults, focusing more on resolving conflict between others after the fact. "If you target the children, give them the skills, when they are adults they will be able to resolve their own conflicts," Musambai said. Snacks are also provided to the students at each class, said Musambai, citing a common stimulus to violence in Kibera: "Hunger and violence are always synonymous."<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_270_bw.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Youth worker Moses Omondi teaches young children ages 13-16 about inner peace and responses to violence at a weekly Peace Club meeting at St. Juliet School in Kibera. As a project of Tatua, Peace Club was started in March of 2011 to give Kenyans the tools and knowledge necessary to live at peace within oneself and among others. "We are teaching the young generation about the issues that can disturb peace," said Martin Musambai, a volunteer with Tatua. "They need to know how to safeguard themselves against a life of violence." Peace Club classes are also offered to older adolescents and even adults, focusing more on resolving conflict between others after the fact. "If you target the children, give them the skills, when they are adults they will be able to resolve their own conflicts," Musambai said. Snacks are also provided to the students at each class, said Musambai, citing a common stimulus to violence in Kibera: "Hunger and violence are always synonymous."<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_254_bw-2.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Youth worker Moses Omondi teaches young children ages 13-16 about inner peace and responses to violence at a weekly Peace Club meeting at St. Juliet School in Kibera. As a project of Tatua, Peace Club was started in March of 2011 to give Kenyans the tools and knowledge necessary to live at peace within oneself and among others. "We are teaching the young generation about the issues that can disturb peace," said Martin Musambai, a volunteer with Tatua. "They need to know how to safeguard themselves against a life of violence." Peace Club classes are also offered to older adolescents and even adults, focusing more on resolving conflict between others after the fact. "If you target the children, give them the skills, when they are adults they will be able to resolve their own conflicts," Musambai said. Snacks are also provided to the students at each class, said Musambai, citing a common stimulus to violence in Kibera: "Hunger and violence are always synonymous."<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_140.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Children gather outside a Peace Club meeting at St. Juliet School in Kibera slum. <br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_123.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Youth of the Caribbean “Crew” rest as members wash vehicles for 100 Kenyan shillings. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined w
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_089.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Moses Omondi, 30, gathers with friend and Chief Campaign Manager, Joan Limbala, (back) in Kibera. Omondi serves as an elected Youth Leader at the sublocation level for youth in Kisumundogo, one of Kibera's many villages. With Limbala's help, Omondi hopes to be elected to the position of County Representative for Makina County in 2012. If elected, Omondi will represent Kibera as a new constituency before the governor, alongside two to four other representatives.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_100_bw.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Youth of the Caribbean “Crew” rest as members wash vehicles for 100 Kenyan shillings. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined w
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_048_bw.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_042.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_025.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_020_bw-2.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 17, 2011: Members of Carrribean Youth Reform wash Matatus off the main road into Kibera. Formerly called Caribbean Youth Group, the organization changed its name to Caribbean Youth Reform after several violent youth in the neighborhood came under their ranks and were "reformed" under their leadership. Begun in 2008 as a result of the post-election violence, the group of youth operate with the goal of uniting the young people of differing tribes. With over 60 members, the group operates a car and carpet washing business as well as manages a weekly garbage collection project through which they clean up neighborhoods, gather manure for compost and sort plastics to sell for income. The group plans to soon build a community toilet and bathroom in the area where the work, and they are also organizing a conflict management and peacekeeping team. Income generated from their activities is consistent but minimal, says acting secretary Abdallah Juma, age 23. Juma says financial instability is the group’s primary hurdle to progress. "We are the founders of this country," he said. "Even without government intervention, we as youth can do it ourselves." The long term goal of the youth group is to see fewer youth unemployed.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nat
    110817_Kibera_©BobMiller_005.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 16, 2011: Collins Otieno, 28, was a victim of the post-election violence of 2007/2008 when he was shot trough the leg by a soldier in the government mandated General Service Unit. Otieno is a member of a group of youth that participates in agriculture projects and manages a community toilet. Though his leg has healed, Otieno frequently has leg pains and limps from his injury.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110816_Kelly_©BobMiller_450.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 16, 2011: After an hour of excercise each morning, Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a, 21, eats a regular a breakfast of red beans, chapati and chai tea at a local restaurant in Kibera.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110816_Kelly_©BobMiller_271.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 16, 2011: After an hour of excercise each morning, Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a, 21, eats a regular a breakfast of red beans, chapati and chai tea at a local restaurant in Kibera.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110816_Kelly_©BobMiller_269.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 16, 2011: Each morning at six am, Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a trains for one hour doing a variety excercises at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110816_Kelly_©BobMiller_139.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 16, 2011: Each morning at six am, Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a trains for one hour doing a variety excercises at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110816_Kelly_©BobMiller_082.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: Members of the Gange Youth Self Help Group in Kibera gather trash and transport it to a local dump site four to five times a day to generate income. Gange, which means "hard working," was started in 1996, and was the first youth reform project to take root in Kibera. Rashid Seif, 28, is a member of Gange Youth. "We manage to go on with our life. For now, we can make peace. We want to be a peacemaker. We must come with our own vision. We have the idea to be stronger than last election. In the past election the money was the problem. When you show youth money, you encourage them to do whatever you want. We want the creation of jobs, not just to be given money. We say to the politician, 'We don't want your money, we want job opportunity, job creation.' But the government are not thinking about the youth and the community. They leave the youth struggling in their yards. We struggle with this work."<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_223.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 16, 2011: Each morning at six am, Kamau "Kelly" Ng'ang'a trains for one hour doing a variety excercises at the Joseph Kangethe Social Hall in Kibera.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110816_Kelly_©BobMiller_041.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: On a plot that was formerly a dump site, the youth of Gange Youth Group have cleared the space to open a car washing business. Gange, which means "hard working," was started in 1996, and was the first youth reform project to take root in Kibera. "We manage to go on with our life" said Rashid Seif, 28, a member of Gange Youth. "For now, we can make peace. We want to be a peacemaker. We must come with our own vision. We have the idea to be stronger than during the last election."<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_174.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: Members of the Gange Youth Self Help Group in Kibera gather trash and transport it to a local dump site four to five times a day to generate income. Gange, which means "hard working," was started in 1996, and was the first youth reform project to take root in Kibera. Rashid Seif, 28, is a member of Gange Youth. "We manage to go on with our life. For now, we can make peace. We want to be a peacemaker. We must come with our own vision. We have the idea to be stronger than last election." <br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_135.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: Members of the Gange Youth Self Help Group in Kibera gather trash and transport it to a local dump site four to five times a day to generate income. Gange, which means "hard working," was started in 1996, and was the first youth reform project to take root in Kibera. Rashid Seif, 28, is a member of Gange Youth. "We manage to go on with our life. For now, we can make peace. We want to be a peacemaker. We must come with our own vision. We have the idea to be stronger than last election." <br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_151.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: On a plot that was formerly a dump site, the youth of Gange Youth Group have cleared the space to open a car washing business. Gange, which means "hard working," was started in 1996, and was the first youth reform project to take root in Kibera. "We manage to go on with our life" said Rashid Seif, 28, a member of Gange Youth. "For now, we can make peace. We want to be a peacemaker. We must come with our own vision. We have the idea to be stronger than during the last election."<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_157.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: A member of Gange Youth Self Help Group in Kibera operates a roadside store where he sells candy to support the cleanup efforts of his group.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_122.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: A member of Gange Youth Self Help Group in Kibera operates a roadside store where he sells candy to support the cleanup efforts of his group.<br />
<br />
Various grassroots initiatives led by youth have begun to improve the quality of life for those living in the direst of conditions, and young people of different tribes are using gardening, waste removal, education and athletics to encourage their peers toward a self-respecting and self-sustaining community. Termed “youth groups” on the street, these initiatives could represent the future of long-term socioeconomic development in Kenya while laying the groundwork for a more peaceful election in 2013. During the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008, impoverished youth in Kenya were routinely bribed by the nation's political elite to carry out acts of violence in their communities. Idleness among the youth, combined with the nation's history of tribal rivalries, were cited as a key factors to the violence, culminating in the deaths of over 1,200 Kenyans and the displacement of over 600,000. Since the violence, many youth have begun to seize active roles in the reform of their nation. In 2010 United States Ambassador Michael Ranneberger said he sensed “a sea change of attitude” among youths, “a tidal wave below the surface. The youth have woken up.”
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_120.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Nganga trains with handmade cement weights in Kibera slum under the direction of volunteer coach Hassan Abdulkadir Salim.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_062.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Nganga trains with handmade cement weights in Kibera slum under the direction of volunteer coach Hassan Abdulkadir Salim.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_046.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Nganga trains with handmade cement weights in Kibera slum under the direction of volunteer coach Hassan Abdulkadir Salim.<br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_044.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Nganga trains with handmade cement weights in Kibera slum. <br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_004.jpg
  • NAIROBI, KENYA - AUGUST 15, 2011: Kamau "Kelly" Nganga trains with handmade cement weights in Kibera slum. <br />
<br />
Within Kenya's progressive youth culture is the Kibera Olympic Boxing Club, a group of low-income adolescents from the slum whose leader uses boxing as a way to engage with idle youth. The group's ethnic diversity is remarkable given Kenya's 2008 post-election violence in which people from several tribes were forced violently out of slums. Together, these boxers represent a nascent trend of cross-tribe brotherhood in a healing nation.
    110815_Kibera_Olympic_039.jpg
  • SANTA CRUZ, BOLIVIA - MAY, 2009: A construction site in Santa Cruz.
    090529_Bolivia_082.jpg
  • HOT SPRINGS, AR – JUNE 29, 2013: A family walks down historic Bathhouse Row.
    130628_Hot-Springs_©BobMiller_1931.jpg
  • HOT SPRINGS, AR – JUNE 29, 2013: A waitress holds plates of food at a local farm to table restaurant.
    130628_Hot-Springs_©BobMiller_1867.jpg
  • HOT SPRINGS, AR – JUNE 29, 2013: A man carries his dog across the street in downtown Hot Springs.
    130628_Hot-Springs_©BobMiller_1434.jpg
  • HOT SPRINGS, AR – JUNE 29, 2013: Don Jordan stops to pose with his dog while walking in a residential neighborhood.
    130628_Hot-Springs_©BobMiller_1197.jpg
  • HOT SPRINGS, AR – JUNE 28, 2013: A woman approaches the Quapaw Baths spa on historic Bathhouse Row.
    130628_Hot-Springs_©BobMiller_0744.jpg
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